“读懂中国”主题演讲 | 单霁翔：文化的力量_风闻

由中国外文局国际传播发展中心·解读中国工作室与中国国家创新与发展战略研究会联合策划制作的“读懂中国”主题演讲，邀请CBA北京紫禁勇士篮球俱乐部主教练、前美国职业篮球运动员斯蒂芬·马布里，两届奥斯卡奖获得者、英国导演柯文思，故宫博物院学术委员会主任、中国文物学会会长单霁翔担任演讲嘉宾。

三位嘉宾的演讲题目分别是：

马布里：从NBA到CBA，中国文化哲学如何影响了我

柯文思：四部纪录片带我漫游中国

单霁翔：文化的力量

今天推出第三期演讲**《文化的力量》，演讲嘉宾为故宫博物院学术委员会主任、中国文物学会会长单霁翔**。

△单霁翔

以下为演讲内容全文。

文化的力量

The power of culture

，时长17:53△“读懂中国”主题演讲之《单霁翔：文化的力量》2021年可能世界遗产是个热词。其中一个原因是在中国福州召开了联合国教科文组织的第44届世界遗产大会。习近平总书记给大会致辞，阐述了世界遗产保护的意义和它对我们现实生活的价值。大会通过了很多重要的文件，其中我们中国政府提交的泉州，在大会上成为中国第56项世界遗产。

Word heritage is a buzzword of 2021 in China, thanks to the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Fuzhou, China.

President Xi Jinping sent a congratulatory letter to the session, in which he elaborated that preserving cultural heritage is of vital importance to the continuity of human civilization and the sustainable development of the world.

During the session, many important documents were passed, and “Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China”, submitted by the Chinese government, became China’s 56th UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2004年在中国的苏州，召开了世界遗产大会，也出台了一些影响这些年世界遗产保护的政策规定。其中一项规定对于当时我们从事实际工作的人是非常不利的。什么规定呢？就是无论大小，每个国家每年只能申报一项文化遗产。大家想想5000年的文明古国，这么丰富的遗产资源，每年只能挑选一项进行申报。长长的预备名单，将近70项项目在等待。

In 2004, at the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Suzhou, China, new policies and rules were also adopted and have affected the conservation of world heritage over the years. There is one policy that added much pressure to people like me in this line of work, stating that each country, no matter how big or small it is, may submit only one application relating to cultural heritage each year.

Think about it. China, a 5,000-year-old civilization with such rich cultural heritage resources, can choose only one item each year to submit from the long preliminary list of nearly 70 items that await approval.

但这项规定是正确的，它要平衡文化多样性，因为每年大概有140多个国家申报项目，但每年经过严格的审核审批，最后成功的不到30项。希望这些还没有世界遗产的国家，也有机会加入世界遗产大家庭。

But the rule is reasonable with cultural diversity taken into account. Each year, among the applications from about 140 countries, only less than 30 items will be approved following a rigorous review process. The policy’s aim is to encourage the countries that do not yet have a World Heritage Site to eventually make it.

△时任国际文化财产保护与修复研究中心（罗马中心）主任布什纳迪（左一）、国际古迹遗址理事会主席佩萨特（左三）、单霁翔（右二）

但是我们怎么办？我们和国际组织沟通。世界文化遗产领域有三大机构，我们和他们负责人讨论，比如世界遗产中心主任班德林；中间这位白头发的是国际古迹遗址理事会主席佩萨特；那边拿着报纸的是著名罗马中心主任布什纳迪。和他们说我们国家今天正处于城市化加速进程的历史阶段，每一项申报都带有抢救性质。中间那个年轻人就是当年的我，大家看我的表情，是不是压力很大。每年只能报一项，还不一定能成功，必须付出极大的努力。

But how do we do it? We communicate with international organizations. There are three major institutions in the area of world cultural heritage, and we discussed with their leaders, the then director of the World Heritage Center, Francesco Bandarin; the white-haired one in the middle, the then president of ICOMOS International, Michael Petzet; and the one holding a newspaper, the then director-general of the prestigious ICCROM, Mounir Bouchenaki, telling them our country is at a historical stage of accelerated urbanization, since every application is vital to the preservation of China’s cultural relics.

The young man in the middle is me back then. You can tell from my facial expression that I was under a lot of stress, right? We can only submit one item every year without necessarily having them approved, and each of them takes a lot of work.

2004年高句丽王城王陵及贵族墓葬申报世界遗产成功；2005年澳门历史城区；2006年河南殷墟；2007年广东开平碉楼与村落；2008年福建土楼；2009年五台山；2010年登封天地之中历史建筑群；2011年西湖文化景观；2012年内蒙古的元上都遗址；2013年云南的哈尼梯田；2014年是个大丰收，居然两项成功了：一项是大运河，一项是丝绸之路。为什么有两项成功呢？因为丝绸之路是跨国申报，中国和哈萨克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦三国共同申报，用的是吉尔吉斯斯坦的名额；2015年土司遗址；2016年广西的花山岩画；2017年福建厦门鼓浪屿；2018年没有成功，就是泉州今年成功了。但是2019年当良渚古城遗址申报成功之时，中国就一跃成为了全世界拥有世界遗产最多的国家。但是在我们来看，最多不是最重要，关键在这个过程中抢救保护了大量的文化遗产资源。

Fortunately, we had “Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom” added to the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List in 2004, “Historic Centre of Macao” in 2005, “Yin Xu” in Henan Province in 2006, Guangdong’s “Kaiping Diaolou and Villages’” in 2007, “Fujian Tulou” in 2008, “Mount Wutai” in 2009, “Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in ‘The Center of Heaven and Earth’ ” in 2010, “West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou" in 2011, Inner Mongolia’s “Site of Xanadu” in 2012, “Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces” in Yunnan in 20l3, and a bumper harvest in 2014, with two applications, “The Grand Canal” and “Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor” approved. How come we were able to submit two items that year? Because Silk Roads was a transnational nomination among three countries, China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan jointly put forward by Kyrgyzstan.

Then we had “Tusi Sites” added to the List in 2015, “Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape” in Guangxi in 2016. and Fujian’s “Gulangyu, a Historic International Settlement” in 2017. Quanzhou didn’t get approved in 2018, but we made it this year. “Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City inscribed on the World Heritage List, China became the country that has the most UNESCO World Heritage sites, which of course was great, but more importantly, we had salvaged a lot of cultural heritage resources during the application process.

△良渚古城遗址保护后样貌

比如良渚古城遗址，十几年前它的状况是这样的，就是浙江普通农村的景观。在遗址上有这样的废品回收站、乡镇企业，最重要的莫角山宫殿建筑群上，当年居然耸立着一个企业的水塔。有一些大型的印刷厂，不断增加的农民住宅，周围开山取石把环境也破坏了。这就是13年前的状况。但是进入申报世界遗产，进行了环境整治，进行了遗址的保护，从这样的面貌改变成了这样了。它毫无争议地以5300年历史，成功成为了世界遗产。

For example, the ruins of Liangzhu City were like this a decade ago, just like an ordinary village in Zhejiang, with waste recycling depots and township enterprises on the ruins, and even a water tower standing in the Mojiaoshan Palace area. There were also large-scale printing plants and residences of farmers were still increasing. They cut into mountains for quarrying, which took a toll on the environment. That was the situation 13 years ago.

However, when submitted to be included in the World Heritage List, the Liangzhu City went through environmental improvement and protection, and the way it looked changed from that to this. Boasting a history of 5,300 years, it became a World Heritage Site undisputedly.

在世界遗产大会上，我们专家13分钟的陈述，十个国家支持表态的发言，大会主席一锤定音，良渚遗址成为实证中华5000年文明的圣地。

At the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee, after our expert delivered a 13-minute presentation, representatives from 10 countries expressed their support, then the chairman of the session made the final decision. The Liangzhu ruins is considered to be a sacred place that provides solid evidence that Chinese civilization is 5,000 years old.

我们在申报世界遗产的时候，喊出一个口号，就是“要让良渚遗址像公园般得美丽”。同时对重要出土文物的地点进行了保护性展示，在遗址的外侧建了一个漂亮的博物馆，把80多年出土的、以玉器为主的珍贵文物进行了集中展示。这些工作做好了以后，一个考古遗址公园正式开园了，年轻人在这里每天都有活动，同时人们在这里接触大自然。

During the application process, we used a slogan. Make the Liangzhu ruins as beautiful as a park. We displayed the site where important cultural relics were unearthed in a protective manner, and built a beautiful museum outside the site to house exhibitions of precious cultural relics, mainly jade wares, found over the 80 years of archaeological excavation.

After that, an archaeological site park was officially opened. Youth group activities take place here every day, and people come here to get in touch with nature.

其实每处遗产申报过程中，都伴随着抢救性的保护。比如五台山。提出申遗的时候，我们到现场一看20多处地点，全需要整治。特别是最核心的台怀镇山下那段不可持续的旅游，造成上千的小门脸、小饭馆、小茶馆、小酒馆、卡拉OK屋，还有一种叫洗脚屋。山上的僧人怎么念经啊！要成为世界遗产，环境必须要整治。所以把所有的这些杂乱无章的旅游设施，退后10里地，建设游客中心。一年以后“深山藏古刹”的意境回来了。这样五台山成为了世界遗产。

In fact, the application process of all the items have been accompanied by rescue and protection operations.

Take Mount Wutai as an example, where more than 20 places needed regulation and improvement measures during the application process. Especially at the foot of the mountain in Taihuai Town, years of unsustainable tourism had left thousands of shops, restaurants, tea houses, taverns, karaoke places and foot massage parlors there. Hard to imagine how the monks had lived their monastic way of life on the mountain. To become a world heritage site, the environment must be renovated, so all the disorganized tourist facilities were set back 5 kilometers and a visitor center was built. A year later, the image that old temple hidden in mountains resurfaced, and finally Mount Wutai became a World Heritage Site.

△单霁翔在“读懂中国”主题演讲现场

杭州西湖进入新的世纪，提出申报世界遗产。我们知道这是一个更艰巨的任务，因为它在一个蓬勃发展的大城市的中心核心地段，占据很大的空间。而西湖的文化景观特色叫，“三面云山一面城”，也就是三面云山里面不能出现任何一栋侵入到景观里的新建筑。可能吗？杭州做出了承诺，十年申遗路。

Entering the 21st century, West Lake in Hangzhou was nominated as a World Heritage Site and we knew that it would be a more difficult challenge to get it approved. Because the lake covered a large area at the center of a big dynamic and prosperous city, and it was embraced by city walls on one side and cloud-shrouded mountains on the other three sides, which was a feature of its cultural landscape that could not be interrupted by any new building.

How could you keep it that way? Hangzhou had made a commitment. After ten years of work to get the Hangzhou cultural landscape added to the World Heritage List.

今天大家有机会到杭州去看看，无论是荡舟西湖，还是漫步苏堤白堤，没有任何一栋新的建筑，侵入到西湖文化景观里来。西湖成功了。但是杭州的经济社会发展受影响了吗？没有。从西湖申报世界遗产之时，杭州就坚定不移地从西湖时代，走向了钱塘江时代，在钱塘江两侧气势恢宏地建了新的杭州城。

If you pay a visit to the city nowadays, no matter boating in the lake or strolling along the Su Causeway and Bai Causeway you will find no new buildings intruding into the West Lake cultural landscape.

They made it. But has Hangzhou’s economic and social development been sacrificed? No. Since the application process began, Hangzhou has unswervingly moved on from the West Lake era to the Qiantang River era. The imposing new cityscape on both sides of the Qiantang River.

几年前的G20会议，大家知道，美丽的新杭州城的景观，通过影像传遍了世界各地，这就真正实现了梁思成先生当年的主张：“一座历史性的城市要保护老城、建设新城，两者才能相映成辉。”在杭州实现了。北京是一座文化古都，北京的城市特色是有一条清晰的中轴线，从永定门到钟鼓楼。中轴线最大的一组建筑，莫过于昔日的紫禁城，今天的故宫博物院。

As we know, it was seen by the whole world through videos and images during the 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit.

Mr. Liang Sicheng, the father of modern Chinese architecture, used to suggest in the Liang-Chen Proposal that a historic city must protect its old city and build a new satellite city, so that they can complement each other. His belief was truly realized in Hangzhou.

Beijing is an ancient capital characterized by a clear central axis on which sit a series of buildings.

From Yongdingmen in the south to Zhonggulou in the north, the largest building on the central axis is the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum.

我有幸参与了一些故宫博物院中轴线的保护工作。比如在1994年到1997年，故宫周边52米宽的筒子河和城墙中间两侧单位、居民倾倒的垃圾，已经堆到了水面上。我们要喊出那个口号：“把一个壮美的紫禁城完整地交给21世纪。”三年社会各界的共同努力，污水截流，单位、居民搬迁，终于在21世纪到来之前，筒子河变得碧波荡漾了。

I was fortunate enough to participate in the protection of the central axis involving the Palace Museum.

For example, from 1994 to 1997, the 52-meter-wide Tongzi River, the moat around the Forbidden City,was full of garbage dumped by people living nearby. We had to shout that slogan,“Leave a magnificent Forbidden City to the 21st century."

After three years of joint efforts by all sectors of society, including sewage interception and resident relocation, Tongzi River had finally become clear again just before the 21st century.

2000年的北京正在申办2008年奥运会，我们不希望大体量的建筑物、大规模的建筑群侵入到中轴线和故宫景观周围。我们就在中轴线两侧画了厚厚的建设控制地带，绿色的地方就是不能建楼房的地方，保护北京传统四合院、平房胡同。正是因为有了这道屏障，北京市中轴线今天申报世界遗产才成为可能。

In 2000, when Beijing was bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games, we did not want large-scale buildings to intrude into the space around the central axis and the Forbidden City. So we set up wide construction-free zones on both sides of the central axis. the green parts where new buildings were not allowed, and Beijing traditional courtyard houses, bungalows and hutongs were protected. It is precisely because of this barrier that we were able to nominate Beijing’s central axis as a World Heritage Site today.

我是2012年到故宫博物院工作的，我知道这里是世界最大规模、最完整的古代宫殿建筑群，这里是全世界收藏中国文物藏品最丰富的一座宝库，这里还是全世界观众来访量最多的一座博物馆。作为中国第一批世界遗产，应该如何保护呢？我们又经过了三年环境整治，室内十项内容，室外十二项内容，把我们里里外外整治得干干净净。扩大开放，我们扩大开放要把古建筑修好。1200栋古建筑用18年的时间，把它们修好了。我们建立了世界第一个为文物建的医院：故宫文物医院，汇集了200名文物医生。这座医院一建立，国际文物修护学会就把全球唯一的培训机构设在了中国，设在了故宫文物医院。

I started to work in the Palace Museum in 2012.

I knew it was the largest and most complete ancient palace complex in the world, the treasure house with the world’s richest collection of Chinese cultural relics, and also the most visited museum in the world.

But as one of the first World Heritage sites in China, how should it be protected? 

We then had three years of environmental remediation, covering 10 indoor items and 12 outdoor items, to clean up the inside and outside of the Forbidden City, to expand its opened-up areas. we spent 18 years repairing and restoring the 1200 ancient buildings. We built the world’s first hospital for cultural relics, the Palace Museum Cultural Relic Hospital, where we brought together 200 cultural relic doctors.

As soon as the hospital was established, the IIC had its only training center founded there.

△董兆的作品进入文物医院

这是一幅画，曾经挂在乾隆花园最高的建筑符望阁的墙上，5米多高的贴落。但是70年前的战争期间，它跌落下来了，当时没有条件修，我们的老员工把它包起来。今天要修，打开一看，已经碎片化了上千片，没办法研究了。但是今天我们进入文物医院以后，在我们的计算机系统和辅助设备支持下，科学拼对、科学修复，一年以后它起死回生了。它是清朝一个非常著名的学者——董兆的一幅作品。

This is a painting that once hung 5 meters high on the wall of Fuwang Pavilion, the tallest building in the Qianlong Garden. But it fell off during the war 70 years ago. Back then, we were unable to repair it,so our old employees had to wrap it up. When we finally decided to fix it, we found it had broken into thousands of pieces and there was no way to study those fragments. So we sent them to our cultural relic hospital.

With the support of our computer system and auxiliary equipment, scientific matching and restoration brought the painting back to life a year later. It was painted by Dong Zhao, a very famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty.